Biomarkers and translational research approaches in breast cancer—an update

Summary Diagnosis and decision-making in the treatment of breast cancer patients is vastly dependent on exploration biomarkers. Estrogen receptor, progesterone human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 are long-standing biomarkers, which determine subtype. In current practice, gene expression analyses further define molecular subtype give additional information disease characteristics. Prognostic biomarkers provide regarding recurrence risk survival. Predictive such as programmed cell death ligand 1 expression, tools for identifying who can benefit from specific therapy regimens order to choose best option patient. While some affordable readily available, others remain technically complex access. Translational research builds bridge discovering novel preclinical studies testing their application utility clinical setting. Integrating translational into trials therefore essential find reliable an optimal personalized approach with cancer.